Abstract
One of the main challenges in homicide research has focused on the development of criminal typologies that are useful to police investigators. Some of the models that have traditionally explained and classified homicides have been the Instrumental/Expressive dichotomy and the System-Action model, the former having found great support in the scientific literature about its usefulness. This research aims to describe the characteristics of simple instrumental and expressive homicides in Spain through the study of 27 homicide cases. Semi-structured interviews with offenders in prison were carried out to collect information and univariate and bivariate statistical techniques were used to describe the cases. The findings suggest that, at a descriptive level, there are some different characteristics in instrumental and expressive homicides, especially in terms of gender and modus operandi behaviours.
References
Adjorlolo, S. & Chan, H.C.O. (2015). The Nature of Instrumentality and Expressiveness of Homicide Crime Scene Behaviors: A Review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 18, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/152483801559652
Alison, L.J.; Goodwill, A.M.; Almond, L.; van den Heuvel, C. & Winter, J.M. (2010). Pragmatic solutions to offender profiling and behavioural investigative advice. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532509X463347
Botelho, M. & Goncalves, R. (2015). Why do people kill? A critical review of the literature on factors associated with homicide. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 26, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.11.001
Canter, D. V. (2010). “Action system applied to forensic topics,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology, eds J. Brown and E. A. Campbell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 17–22.
Canter, D., & Fritzon, K. (1998). Differentiating arsonists: A model of firesetting actions and characteristics. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3(1), 73-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00352.x
Canter, D.V. (2004). Offender Profiling and Investigative Psychology. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 1, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.7
Canter, D.V. & Wentink, N. (2004). An Empirical Test of Holmes and Holmes’s Serial Murder Typology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 489–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854804265179
Canter, D.V. & Youngs, D. (2009). Investigative psychology: Offender Profiling and the Analysis of Criminal Action. John Wiley: Chichester, UK.
Feshbach, S. (1964). The Function of Aggression and the Regulation of Aggressive Drive. Psychological Review, 71, 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043041
Fox, B. & Farrington, D. P. (2018). What have we learned from offender profiling? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 144, 1247–1274. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000170
Fox, K.A. & Allen, T. (2014). Examining the Instrumental-Expressive Continuum of Homicides: Incorporating the Effects of Gender, Victim-Offender Relationships, and Weapon Choice. Homicide Studies, 18, 298–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767913493420
Fritzon, K., Doley, R., & Hollows, K. (2014). Variations in the offence actions of deliberate firesetters: a cross-national analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(10), 1150-1165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X13487524
Ganpat, S. M., Granath, S., Hagstedt, J., & Kivivuori, J. (2011). Homicide in Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden: A first study on the European homicide monitor data. Brottsförebyggande rådet/The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention
Gerard, F.J.; Whitfield, K.C. & Browne, K.D. (2017). Exploration of Crime-Scene Characteristics in Juvenile Homicide in the French-Speaking Part of Belgium. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517702489
González, J. L., Sánchez, F., López-Ossorio, J., Santos, J., & Cereceda, J. (2018). Informe sobre el homicidio. España 2010–2012. Ministerio del Interior.
Goodwill, A.M.; Allen, J.C. & Kolarevic, D. (2014). Improvement of thematic classification in offender profiling: Classifying serbian homicides using multiple correspondence, cluster, and discriminant function analyses. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 11, 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1416
Jiménez, J. & García-Barceló, N. (2022). Behavioral Analysis Units. Behavior & Law Ediciones.
Jiménez, J. (2010). Manual práctico del perfil criminológico. Valladolid: Lex Nova.
Alison, L.J. & Rainbow, L. (2011). Professionalizing Offender Profiling: Forensic and Investigative Psychology in Practice. Routledge: Abingdon, UK.
Liem, M. (2013). Homicide offender recidivism: A review of literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.08.001
Pecino-Latorre, M. M., Perez-Fuentes, M. C., Patro-Hernandez, R. M. & Santos- Hermoso, J. (2019). Expressiveness and Instrumentality of Crime Scene Behavior in Spanish Homicides. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224526
Pecino-Latorre, M. M., Santos-Hermoso, J., Perez-Fuentes, M. C., Patro-Hernandez, R. M., & Gonzalez, J. L. (2020). The Action System Model: A Typology of Spanish Homicides. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585279
Rossmo, K. D. (1995). Geographic Profiling: Target Patterns of Serial Murderers [Doctoral Thesis]. School of Criminology. Simon Fraser University.
Salfati, C.G. (2000). The Nature of Expressiveness and Instrumentality in Homicide: Implications for Offender Profiling. Homicide Studies, 4, 265–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767900004003004
Salfati, C.G. & Canter, D.V. (1999). Differentiating Stranger Murders: Profiling Offender Characteristics from Behavioral Styles. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 17, 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199907/09)17:3<391::AID-BSL352>3.0.CO;2-Z
Salfati, C.G. & Dupont, F. (2006). Canadian Homicide: An Investigation of Crime-Scene Actions. Homicide Studies, 10, 118-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767906288449
Salfati, C.G. & Park, J. (2007). An analysis of Korean Homicide Crime-Scene Actions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 1448–1470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507305716
Salfati, G. C. & Haratsis, E. (2001). Greek homicide: A behavioral examination of offender crime-scene actions. Homicide Studies, 5, 335–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767901005004006
Santos-Hermoso, J. (2022). Homicidio y Feminicidio en España [Tesis Doctoral]. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Santos-Hermoso, J., Touza, J. M. Q., & Álvarez, J. L. G. (2019). Homicidio en demarcación de la guardia civil. El uso de los datos en la investigación criminal. Cuadernos de la Guardia Civil: Revista de seguridad pública, (59), 177-197.
Santtila, P.; Canter, D.V.; Elfgren, T. & Häkkänen, H. (2001). The Structure of Crime-Scene Actions in Finnish Homicides. Homicide Studies, 5, 363–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767901005004007
Santtila, P.; Häkkänen, H.; Canter, D.V. & Elfgren, T. (2003). Classifying homicide offenders and predicting their characteristics from crime scene behavior. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00328
Sea, J. & Beauregard, E. (2017). An Analysis of Crime Scene Behavior in Korean Homicide. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1-2), 184-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517724832
Soria-Verde, M.A.; Pajon, L.; Company, A.; López, M. & Lebrón, M. (2016). Expressive Partner Homicides in Spain: Differences according to Aggressors Sex. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-1026.1000109
Sotoca, A., Gonzalez, J. L., & Halty Barrutieta, L. (2019). Perfiles criminales: principios, técnicas y aplicaciones. Síntesis (Madrid, España).
Thijssen, J. & De Ruiter, C. (2011). Instrumental and Expressive Violence in Belgian Homicide Perpetrators. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8, 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.130
Trojan, C. & Salfati, C.G. (2011). Linking Criminal History to Crime Scene Behavior in Single-Victim and Serial Homicide: Implications for Offender Profiling Research. Homicide Studies, 15, 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767910397281
Turvey, B. (2000). Staged crime scenes: A preliminary study of 25 cases. Journal of Behavioral Profiling, 1(3), 1-15.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2014). Global study on homicide. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2019). Global study on homicide. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/global-studyon-
homicide.html
Youngs, D.; Ioannou, M. & Eagles, J. (2016). Expressive and Instrumental Offending: Reconciling the Paradox of Specialisation and Versatility. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(4),397–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X14557478
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Behavior & Law Journal