Keywords
Indirect profiling
Nonverbal behavior
Feminicide
How to Cite
Abstract
The aim of any criminal investigation is to obtain enough evidence to establish the facts. The interviews carried out by police investigators, victims, witnesses and suspects, are one of the main sources of information available to them. Such is its importance that specific procedures have been developed for taking statements from victims, such as the pre-constituted evidence or the cognitive interview, and the same happens with suspects, for whom interrogation procedures have been developed such as the REID and the PEACE. The interview and the interrogation should be understood as interactions between people (interviewer-interviewee), so the police interviewer must create the most effective strategy based on the person one is dealing with. In this regard, indirect profiling and the relation between personality and nonverbal behavior are important, since they will help to the interviewer to know what type of person (personality) one is dealing with, without using self-reported questionnaires, and avoiding some of the problems linked to direct personality assessment. That is the reason why the aim of this current study is to carry out a pilot study in which the relation between personality and nonverbal behavior is analyzed, by using Eysenck’s PEN model, through a prison sample, consisting of 20 cases of feminicide. Being able to profile indirectly is only part of the process, since once the subject has been profiled; an interview/interrogation strategy should be designed based on the personality subject.
References
Aguinis, H., Simonsen, M. M., y Pierce, C. A. (1998). Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138(4), 455–46. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/00224549809600400
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. Rinehart and Winston.
Bermúdez, J. (1985). Concepto de personalidad. En: J. Bermúdez (Ed.), Psicología de la Personalidad (pp. 17-38). UNED.
Biel, J. I., Aran, O. y Gatica-Perez, D. (2011). You are known by how you vlog: Personality impressions and nonverbal behavior in youtube. Paper presented at the 5th ICWSM.
Blaskovits, B. y Bennell, C., (2019). Are we Revealing Hidden Aspects of our Personality When we Walk?. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43, 329–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-019-00302-5
Campbell, A. y Rushton, J. P. (1978). Bodily communication and personality. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 31-36, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00893.x
Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Borgogni, L. y Perugini, M. (1993). The Big Five Questionnaire. A new questionnaire to assess the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90218-R
Daly, J. A. (2011). Personality and interpersonal communication. En M. L. Knapp y J. A. Daly (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of interpersonal communication. SAGE.
De Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., Konings, F. E., y Schouten, B. (2013). The Communication Styles Inventory (CSI): A Six-Dimensional Behavioral Model of Communication Styles and Its Relation With Personality. Communication Research, 40(4), 506–532, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650211413571
Delmas, H., Elissalde, B., Rochat, N. y Demarchi, S. (2018). Policemen’s and Civilians’ Beliefs About Facial Cues of Deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-018-0285-4
Denault, V., Plusquellec, P., Jupe, L. M., St-Yves, M., Dunbar, N. E., Hartwig, M., Sporer, S. L., Rioux-Turcotte, J., Jarry, J., Walsh, D., Otgaar, H., Viziteu, A., Talwar, V., Keatley, D. A., Blandón-Gitlin, I., Townson, C., Deslauriers-Varin, N., Lilienfeld, S. O., Patterson, M. L., ... van Koppen, P. J. (2020). The analysis of nonverbal communication: The dangers of pseudoscience in security and justice contexts. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 30, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2019a9
Ekman, P. y Friesen, W. V. (1969). The Repertoire or Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage and Coding. Semiotica, 1, 49-98. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1969.1.1.49
Eysenck, H. J. y Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences. A natural science approach. Plenum Press.
Gawda, B. (2007). Neuroticism, extraversion, and paralinguistic expression. Psychological reports, 100(3), 721-726. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.721-726
Gímenez-Salinas, A., y González, J. L. (2016). Investigación Criminal. Principios, técnicas y aplicaciones. Lid Editorial.
González, P. (2019). Perfilación indirecta a través de la comunicación verbal y no verbal. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España.
González, J. L. e Ibáñez, J. L. (1998). Aplicación policial de la entrevista cognitiva. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 8(1), 61-77.
González, J. L. y Manzanero A. L. (2018). Obtención y valoración del testimonio. Protocolo holístico de evaluación de la prueba testifical (HELPT). Ediciones Pirámide.
González, J. L., Muñoz, J. M., Sotoca, A. y Manzanero, A. L. (2013). Propuesta de protocolo para la conducción de la prueba preconstituida en víctimas especialmente vulnerables. Papeles del Psicólogo, 34(3), 227-237.
Halty, L., González, J. L. y Sotoca, A. (2017). Modelo ENCUIST: aplicación al perfilado criminal. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 27(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apj.2017.03.001
Harrigan, J. A., Wilson, K., y Rosenthal, R. (2004). Detecting state and trait anxiety from auditory and visual cues: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203258844
Hostetter, A. B., y Potthoff, A. L. (2012). Effects of personality and social situation on representational gesture production. Gesture, 12(1), 62-83. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1075/gest.12.1.04hos
Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., y Jayne, B. C. (2013). Criminal Interrogation and confessions, Fifth Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Jensen, M. (2016). Personality traits and nonverbal communication patterns. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(5), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v4i5.1451
Knapp, M. L. y Hall, J. A. (2006). Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Thomson Wadsworth.
Keltner, D. (2005). Facial expressions, personality, and psychopathology. En P. Ekman y E. L. Rosenberg. What the face reveals. Oxford University Press.
Koppensteiner, M. (2013). Motion cues that make an impression: Predicting perceived personality by minimal motion information. Journal of experimental social psychology, 49(6), 1137-1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.08.002
López, R., Gordillo, F. y Soto, J. E. (2016). Protocolo NBAM (Nonverbal Behavior Analysis Matrix). En R. M. López, F. Gordillo y M. Grau. (Eds.), Comportamiento no verbal (pp. 179–192). Ediciones Pirámide.
Martínez, S., López, R., Soto, J. E., Tamborim, A. y Juárez, A. (2018). Utilidad de la tecnología de reconocimiento automático de expresión facial aplicada al análisis de conducta criminal. Un estudio de caso. Behavior & Law Journal, 4(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.47442/blj.v4.i1.45
Mehu, M., Little, A. C., y Dunbar, R. I. (2007). Duchenne smiles and the perception of generosity and sociability in faces. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 5(1), 183-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/JEP.2007.1011
Mischel, W. (1999). Introduction to personality. Harcourt Brace College Publisher.
Naumann, L. P., Vazire, S., Rentfrow, P. J., y Gosling, S. D. (2009). Personality judgments based on physical appearance. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 35(12), 1661-1671, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167209346309
Oberzaucher, E. y Grammer, K. (2008). Everything is movement: on the nature of embodied communication. En Wachmuth, I., Lenzen, M. y Knoblich, G. (Eds.) Embodied Communication in Humans and Machines. Oxford University Press.
Pervin, L.A. (1998). La ciencia de la personalidad. McGraw-Hill.
Shen, Z., Elibol, A. y Chong, N. Y. (2020). Understanding Nonverbal Communication Cues of Human Personality Traits in Human-Robot Interaction. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 99, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2020.1003201
Sotoca, A., González, J. L. y Halty, L. (2019). Perfiles criminals. Principios, técnicas y aplicaciones. Síntesis.
Strömwall, L. A., Hartwig, M. y Granhag, P. A., (2006) To act truthfully: Nonverbal behaviour and strategies during a police interrogation. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12(2), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160512331331328
Ten Brinke, L., Porter, S., Korva, N., Fowler, K., Lilienfeld, S. O. y Patrick, C. J. (2017). An Examination of the Communication Styles Associated with Psychopathy and Their Influence on Observer Impressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41(3), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-017-0252-5
Vinciarelli, A., Salamin, H., Polychroniou, A., Mohammadi, G., y Origlia, A. (2012). From nonverbal cues to perception: personality and social attractiveness. Cognitive Behavioural Systems, 60-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34584-5_5
Vrij, A. (2018). Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(2), 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3457
Vrij, A., Edward, K., Roberts, K. P. y Bull, R. (2000). Detecting deceit via analysis of. Verbal and nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24(4), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006610329284
Vrij, A. y Winkel, F.W. (1991). Cultural patterns in Dutch and Surinam nonverbal behavior: An analysis of simulated police/citizen encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15, 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01672219
Walsh, D., y Bull, R. (2010). What really is effective in interviews with suspects? A study comparing interviewing skills against interviewing outcomes. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 305‐321. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532509X463356
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
1.- Si se acepta un trabajo para su publicación, los autores reconocen la cesión de los derechos de impresión y de reproducción por cualquier forma y medio a la revista Behavior & Law Journal.
2.- Asimismo, se entiende que las opiniones expresadas en los artículos son de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no comprometen la opinión y política científica de la revista.
3.- Igualmente, las actividades descritas en los trabajos publicados estarán de acuerdo con los criterios generalmente aceptados de ética, tanto por lo que se refiere a los trabajos con humanos como a la experimentación animal, así como en todo lo relativo a la deontología profesional. Es responsabilidad de los autores poder proporcionar a los lectores interesados copias de los datos en bruto, manuales de procedimiento, puntuaciones y, en general, material experimental relevante.
4.- El artículo se dsitribuirán bajo una licencia de uso y distribución “Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional ” (CC BY NC ND 4.0). Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. La indicación de la licencia de uso y distribución, CC BY NC ND 4.0, ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
